الشريط الجانبي للمادة

مقدم
November 7, 2023
مقبول
January 5, 2024
منشور
December 31, 2023
تنزيل
Pdf
إحصائية
قراءة عداد : 60 تنزيل : 107

محتوى المقالة الرئيسية

الملخص

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على طبيعة العقوبات الاقتصادية وأنواعها وأدواتها وهي (الحظر والحصار البحري السلمي، والمقاطعة الاقتصادية)، وبيان التأصيل الشرعي لها، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن العقوبات الاقتصادية هي طريقة ضغط اقتصادية لتحقيق أهداف سياسية خارجية، قد يكون ذلك عن طريق الإكراه أو إلحاق الأذى بالجهة الأخرى من أجل تحقيق الأمن والسلم الدوليين، وقد عُرفت مع ظهور فكرة المنظمات الدولية من أجل تقليل استخدام القوة وما ينجم عنها، وأن المتتبع لأحداث السيرة النبوية يجد أنها اشتملت على صور شبيهة للعقوبات الاقتصادية المطبقة في زماننا، وبما أن لهذه العقوبات تأثيراً كبيراً على مواقف الدول والشعوب، كان لا بد من ضبط هذه العلاقة من خلال معرفة الحكم الشرعي لها بعيداً عن الآراء المتأثرة بالعواطف والانهزامية. وإنما بناء على العلة التي يمكن أن يناط بها الحكم الصحيح بما يحقق المصلحة للمسلمين ويلحق الضرر بعدوهم، لذا فهي تخضع لنظام السياسة الشرعية وفقاً لقواعد المصالح والمفاسد والأولويات مع مراعات الضوابط الشرعية في حال تطبيقها.

الكلمات المفتاحية

sanctions ban and blockade boycott Islamic appreciation العقوبات الحظر والحصار المقاطعة تقدير إسلامي

تفاصيل المقالة

الرخصة

الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2023 مجلة إسرا الدولية للمالية الإسلامية

Creative Commons License

هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

السيرة الشخصية للمؤلف

زريقات، جامعة اليرموك، الأردن

عريب زهير زريقات

ماجستير اقتصاد ومصارف إسلامية

باحثة في الاقتصاد والمصارف الإسلامية 

كيفية الاقتباس
خليفة محمد الأحمد ش., & مصطفى زريقات ع. ز. . (2023). العقوبات الاقتصادية أحكامها وآثارها الاقتصادية من منظور إسلامي. مجلة إسرا الدولية للمالية الإسلامية, 14(2), 23–47. https://doi.org/10.55188/ijifarabic.v14i2.648
تنزيل الاقتباسات
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

المراجع

  1. - Ibn Khaldūn, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān, muqaddimah Tārīkh ibn Khaldūn, Dār al-Fajr lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr, Bayrūt, Lubnān, Ṭ1, 2004m,
  2. - Ibn al-Qayyim, Shams al-Dīn al-Zarʻī, Zād al-maʻād fī Hudá Khayr al-ʻibād, taḥqīq Shuʻayb al-Arnaʼūṭ, ṭ3, Muʼassasat al-Risālah, Bayrūt, 1982m
  3. - Ibn Qudāmah, Abū Muḥammad Muwaffaq al-Dīn ʻAbd Allāh, al-Mughnī, Maktabat al-Qāhirah, 1388h-1968m.
  4. - Ibn Kathīr, Abū al-Fidāʼ Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar ibn Kathīr al-Qurashī al-Dimashqī, al-Bidāyah wa-al-nihāyah, taḥqīq: Muṣṭafá ʻAbd al-Wāḥid, Dār al-Maʻrifah lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ Bayrūt – Lubnān, 1976 M.
  5. - Ibn Kathīr, Abū al-Fidāʼ Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar, tafsīr al-Qurʼān al-ʻAẓīm, Dār al-Fikr, Bayrūt.
  6. - Ibn Hishām, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Ḥimyarī, al-sīrah al-Nabawīyah li-Ibn Hishām, taḥqīq Muṣṭafá alsqá, 1955, ṭ2, Maktabat wa-Maṭbaʻat Muṣṭafá al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, Miṣr.
  7. - Abū al-Khayr, Aḥmad ʻAṭīyah, al-qānūn al-dawlī al-ʻāmm, Dār alnhẓh al-ʻArabīyah, Ṭ1, 1998
  8. - Abū Zahrah, Muḥammad, al-ʻAlāqāt al-Dawlīyah fī al-Islām, Dār al-Fikr al-ʻArabī, Madīnat Naṣr, 1995
  9. - Abū Zahrī, Sāmī Ḥamdān, Yahūd al-Madīnah fī al-ʻahd al-Nabawī – awḍāʻihim al-ijtimāʻīyah wa-al-iqtiṣādīyah wa-al-thaqāfīyah, Risālat mājistīr, Qism al-tārīkh al-ḥadīth wa-al-muʻāṣir, Kullīyat al-Ādāb, al-Jāmiʻah al-Islāmīyah, Ghazzah, 2004.
  10. - Īliyā Abī Khalīl rwdryk, al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah fī al-qānūn al-dawlī bayna al-faʻālīyah wa-ḥuqūq al-insān, Ṭ1, Manshūrāt al-Ḥalabī al-Ḥuqūqīyah, Bayrūt, 2009.
  11. - al-Bāshā, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Raʼfat, ṣuwar min ḥayāt al-ṣaḥābah, al-Qāhirah, Dār al-Ādāb al-Islāmī lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, Ṭ1, 1997m.
  12. - ibn ʻUbayd, Ikhlāṣ, ālīyāt Majlis al-amn fī Tanfīdh Qawāʻid al-qānūn al-dawlī al-insānī, Mudhakkirah li-nayl shahādat al-mājistīr fī al-ʻUlūm al-qānūnīyah, tkhṣ Qānūn duwalī insānī, Kullīyat al-Ḥuqūq, Jāmiʻat al-Ḥājj Lakhḍar, 2009.
  13. - Banī Aḥmad, Marwān, al-ḥiṣār fī al-fiqh al-Islāmī wa-al-qānūn al-dawlī dirāsah muqāranah, Risālat duktūrāh, ghayr manshūrah, Jāmiʻat al-ʻUlūm al-Islāmīyah, ʻAmmān, 2016
  14. - Bū Bakr, Khalaf, al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah fī al-qānūn al-dawlī al-muʻāṣir, al-Maṭbūʻāt al-Jāmiʻīyah, al-Jazāʼir, 2008.
  15. - aljrwān, Muḥammad Khayr, Athar al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah al-Dawlīyah ʻalá al-siyāsah al-khārijīyah al-Īrānīyah tujāha al-Sharq al-Awsaṭ min ʻām 2001-2011M, Risālat mājistīr, ghayr manshūrah, Jāmiʻat al-Yarmūk, 2013m.
  16. - Jamāl, Muḥyī al-Dīn, al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah al-Dawlīyah fī taḥqīq al-silm wa-al-amn al-duwalīyayn, al-ḥālah al-ʻIrāqīyah, Majallat al-Dirāsāt al-Istirātijīyah, al-ʻadad (3), al-Jazāʼir, 2007m.
  17. - Jamāl, Majīd al-Dīn, āthār al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah ʻalá Lībiyā, dirāsah iqtiṣādīyah, al-ʻadad (9), Markaz al-baṣīrah lil-Buḥūth wa-al-Istishārāt wa-al-Khidmāt al-taʻlīmīyah, al-Jazāʼir, 2007.
  18. - Ḥaddād, Kamāl, al-nizāʻ al-musallaḥ wa-al-qānūn al-dawlī al-ʻāmm, Bayrūt, al-Muʼassasah al-Jāmiʻīyah lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 1997.
  19. - Ḥarb, ʻAlī Jamīl, Naẓarīyat al-jazāʼ al-dawlī al-muʻāṣir, Niẓām al-ʻuqūbāt al-Dawlīyah ḍidda al-Duwal wa-al-afrād, Ṭ1, Manshūrāt al-Ḥalabī al-Ḥuqūqīyah, Bayrūt, 2013.
  20. - al-Dayr, Mahā ʻĪsá Mīkhāʼīl, al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah fī Munaẓẓamat al-Umam al-Muttaḥidah wa-taṭbīqātuhā al-ḥadīthah, Risālat mājistīr, ghayr manshūrah, al-Jāmiʻah al-Urdunīyah, 1994.
  21. - rḥāyby, Ḥabībah, wbwrwby, ʻAbd al-Laṭīf, Dawr al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah fī Idārat al-azamāt al-Dawlīyah, Majallat al-sharīʻah wa-al-iqtiṣād, al-mujallad al-sābiʻ, al-ʻadad 13, 2018m.
  22. - Robert dkāntwr, al-siyāsah al-Dawlīyah al-muʻāṣirah, tarjamat D. Aḥmad al-Ẓāhir, Markaz al-Kutub al-Urdunī, al-Urdun.
  23. - al-Zarqā, Muṣṭafá Aḥmad, al-Madkhal al-fiqhī al-ʻāmm, Dār al-Qalam, Dimashq, 1998M.
  24. - al-Sarakhsī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Abī Sahl, al-Mabsūṭ, Dār al-Maʻrifah – Bayrūt, 1414h-1993m, Ibn Qudāmah, al-Mughnī
  25. - al-Saʻdī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Nāṣir, Taysīr al-Karīm al-Raḥmān fī tafsīr kalām al-Mannān, al-Qāhirah, Maktabat al-Ṣafā, Ṭ1, 2004.
  26. - Salīm, swlāf, al-jazāʼāt al-Dawlīyah al-ghayr ʻaskarīyah, Risālat mājistīr, Jāmiʻat Saʻd, Ḥalab, al-Bulaydah, 2006
  27. - Suwaydān, Bāsim Karīm, al-jināʼī, Majlis al-amn wa-al-ḥarb ʻalá al-ʻIrāq, Dār Zahrān, ʻAmmān, al-Urdun, Ṭ1, 2006.
  28. - al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī Muḥammad, al-Sayl al-jirār almtdfq ʻalá Ḥadāʼiq al-azhār, taḥqīq: Maḥmūd Ibrāhīm Zāyid, Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah, Bayrūt, 1405h.
  29. - al-Ṭabarī, al-Imām Abī Jaʻfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr, Jāmiʻ al-Bayān ʻan Taʼwīl āy al-Qurʼān, tafsīr al-Ṭabarī, ḍabṭ wa-taʻlīq Maḥmūd Shākir, Ṭ1, 2001M, Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī, byrwt-Lubnān.
  30. - ʻĀdil, tbynh, al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah al-Dawlīyah bayna al-sharʻīyah wālāʻtbārāt al-Insānīyah, Mudhakkirah mājistīr fī al-qānūn al-dawlī al-ʻāmm, Kullīyat al-Ḥuqūq, Baskarah, 2011.
  31. - ʻAbd al-ʻĀl, fātinah, al-ʻuqūbāt al-Dawlīyah al-iqtiṣādīyah, Dār al-Nahḍah al-ʻArabīyah, 2000.
  32. - ʻAbd Allāh al-Ashʻal wa-ākharūn, al-qānūn al-dawlī al-insānī Afāq wa-taḥaddiyāt, Manshūrāt al-Ḥalabī al-Ḥuqūqīyah, Bayrūt, 2005m,
  33. - ʻAbd al-Munʻim, Huwaydā Muḥammad, al-ʻuqūbāt al-Dawlīyah wa-atharuhā ʻalá Ḥuqūq al-insān, Muhīb li-Ṭibāʻat, al-Qāhirah, 2006.
  34. - ʻUṣbat al-Umam al-Muttaḥidah, Mīthāq ʻUṣbat al-Umam, naṣṣ al-māddah (16) Faqrah (3), http: / / www. hindawi. org. Tārīkh al-iṭṭilāʻ: 13/4 / 2020.
  35. - ʻUmar, Ayman Nūr al-Dīn, al-Muqāṭaʻah al-iqtiṣādīyah bayna al-naẓarīyah wa-al-taṭbīq, Maktabat al-Sāʼiḥ, Lubnān, Ṭ1, 1424h.
  36. - ʻUmar, Saʻd Allāh, al-qānūn al-dawlī li-ḥall al-nizāʻāt, Dār Hūmah lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, al-Jazāʼir, 2008.
  37. - al-ʻUmarī, Burayk Muḥammad Burayk, al-sarāyā wa-al-buʻūth al-Nabawīyah ḥawla al-Madīnah wa-Makkah dirāsah naqdīyah taḥlīlīyah, Dār Ibn al-Jawzī, al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah, Ṭ1, 1994.
  38. - ʻwāshryh, Ruqayyah, Ḥimāyat al-madanīyīn wa-al-aʻyān al-madanīyah fī al-munāzaʻāt al-musallaḥah ghayr al-dawlah, Risālat duktūrāh, Jāmiʻat ʻAyn Shams, al-Qāhirah, 2001.
  39. - alʻwāyshh, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm, al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah ka-adāh fī al-siyāsah al-khārijīyah al-Amrīkīyah fī al-fatrah al-mumtaddah min 1990-2000m, Risālat mājistīr (ghayr manshūrah), Kullīyat al-Dirāsāt al-ʻUlyā, al-Jāmiʻah al-Urdunīyah, ʻAmmān, al-Urdun, 2002M.
  40. - al-Ghazālī, al-Shaykh Muḥammad, fiqh al-sīrah, Dār al-Maʻrifah, Miṣr, D. t.
  41. - Fatlāwī, Suhayl ḥsynn, ḥwāmdh, Ghālib ʻAwwād (2009) al-qānūn al-Duwal al-ʻāmm, Ḥuqūq al-Duwal wa-wājibātuhā, al-iqlīm, al-munāzaʻāt al-Dawlīyah, al-diblūmāsīyah, Mawsūʻat al-qānūn al-dawlī, al-juzʼ al-Thānī, Dār al-Thaqāfah lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, ʻAmmān, al-Urdun,
  42. - al-Kāsānī, ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn, Abū Bakr ibn Masʻūd ibn Aḥmad al-Kāsānī al-Ḥanafī, Badāʼiʻ al-ṣanāʼiʻ fī tartīb al-sharāʼiʻ, Badāʼiʻ al-ṣanāʼiʻ, Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah, ṭ2, 1986m.
  43. - Lashhab, Ḥūrīyah, al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah bayna al-sharʻīyah wa-al-insānīyah, Mudhakkirah li-nayl shahādat al-mājistīr fī al-Ḥuqūq, takhaṣṣuṣ Qānūn duwalī, Jāmiʻat Muḥammad Khuḍayr, Kullīyat al-Ḥuqūq wa-al-ʻUlūm al-siyāsīyah, Qism al-Ḥuqūq, 2012.
  44. - Muḥyī al-Dīn, al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah lil-Umam al-Muttaḥidah, al-Marjiʻ al-sābiq. Bū Bakr, al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah fī al-qānūn al-dawlī al-muʻāṣir
  45. - Mahdī, Jamāl Saʻīd, Mawqif al-Rasūl ṣallá Allāh ʻalayhi wa-sallam min Yahūd al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah, Majallat Midād al-Ādāb, al-ʻadad al-thālith ʻashar.
  46. - Nizār al-ʻAnbakī al-taʻassuf fī istiʻmāl al-Sulṭah wālānḥrāfāt bi-hā fī qarārāt Majlis al-amn al-mutaʻalliqah bʼzmh al-Khalīj, baḥth manshūr fī muʼallif al-qānūn al-dawlī wa-azmat al-Khalīj, Jāmiʻat Baghdād, 1992m.
  47. - al-Wishāḥ, Sulaymān ʻbdālhādy, al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah fī al-ʻAlāqāt al-Dawlīyah dirāsah ḥālat « al-ʻIrāq », Risālat mājistīr, ghayr manshūrah, al-Jāmiʻah al-Urdunīyah, 1994m.
  48. - Wahbān, Aḥmad Muḥammad, taḥlīl al-ṣirāʻāt al-Dawlīyah, Majallat ʻĀlam al-Fikr, al-Kuwayt, al-mujallad 36, al-ʻadad 4, 2008
  49. - Yūsuf, Khawlah Muḥyī al-Dīn, al-ʻuqūbāt al-iqtiṣādīyah al-muttakhidhah min Majlis al-amn wa-inʻikāsāt taṭbīqihā ʻalá Ḥuqūq al-insān, Ṭ1, Manshūrāt al-Ḥalabī al-Ḥuqūqīyah, Bayrū.
  50. -
  51. - Abozaid, Abdulazeem, Does Shariah Recognize Cryptocurrencies as Valid Currencies?, In: Naifar, Nader, Impact of Financial Technology (FinTech) on Islamic Finance and Financial Stability. (Pennsylvania: IGI Global, 2020).
  52. - Abozaid, ‘Abdulazeem, “Al-Taḥlīl al-Fiqhī wa al-Maqāṣidī Li al-Mushtaqqāt al-Māliyya”, (in Arabic), Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics, 2014, vol. 27, issue 3, pp. 3-44.
  53. - Abozaid, ‘Abdulazeem, “Al-Tamwīl al-Islamī al-Mu’aṣir bayna shakliyat al-'Uqūd wa Maqāṣid al-Sharī'ah”, (in Arabic), At-Tajdid Journal, 2008, vol. 12, issue 23, pp. 105-179.
  54. - Abū Dā’ūd, Sulaymān b. al-Ash‘ath b. Isḥāq al-Azdī al-Sijistānī. Sunan Abī Dā’ūd, (in Arabic), ed. Muḥyī al-Dīn ‘Abdul Ḥamīd, (Beirut: Al-Maktaba al-‘Aṣriyya)
  55. - Al-Dārquṭnī, Sunan al-Dārquṭnī, (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, 1996), 1st ed.
  56. - Al-Dasūqī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ‘Arafa, Ḥāshīya al-Dasūqī ‘Alā al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr li Aḥmad al-Dardīr, (in Arabic), (Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Kutub al-‘Arabiyya (‘Īsā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī).
  57. - Al-Ḥākim, Mustadrak ‘alā al-Ṣahīhayn, (Beirut:Dār al-Ma‘rifa, 1986). 1st ed.
  58. - Al-Kāsānī, ‘Alā' al-Dīn, Badā’i‘ al-Ṣanā’i‘, (in Arabic), (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Arabī, 1982), 2nd ed.
  59. - Al-Qarāfī, Shihāb al-Dīn Abū al-‘Abbās Aḥmad, Al-Furūq, (in Arabic), (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1995).
  60. - Al-Shāfi‘ī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs, Al-Umm, (in Arabic), ed. Muḥammad Zuhrī al-Najjār, (Beirut: Dār al-Ma‘rifa, 1393H) 2nd ed.
  61. - Al-Shawkānī, Muḥmmad Bin 'Alī, Nayl al-Awtār, (Damascus: Dār al-Kalim al-Ṭayyib, 1419H), 1st ed.
  62. - Al-Shīrāzī, Abū Isḥāq, al-Muhadhdhab, (in Arabic), (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d).
  63. - Al-Tirmidhī Abū ‘Īsā Muḥammad b. ‘Īsā as-Sulamī, Sunan al-Tirmidhī, (in Arabic), (Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, n.d)
  64. - Al-Zaylaʿī, Naṣb al-Rāya, (Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1995)
  65. - Chohan, Usman W., Assessing the Differences in Bitcoin & Other Cryptocurrency Legality Across National Jurisdictions, Information Systems & Economics eJournal, Social Science Research Network (SSRN). (September 20, 2017). Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3042248
  66. - Hammād, Ṭāriq, al-Mushtaqqāt al-Māliyya: Silsilat al-Bunūk al-Tijāriyya - Qaḍāyā Mu‘āṣira, Vol.5. (Egypt: al-Dār al-Jāmi‘yya, 2001)
  67. - Hertig, Alyssa. Blockchain Forks Are All the Rage, But Can They Ever Be Safe? Reuters: Oct 19, 2017. Published on www.coindesk.com.
  68. - Ibn Manẓūr, Lisān al-‘Arab, (in Arabic), (Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-'Arabī, n.d), 3rd ed.
  69. - Ibn Qudāma, Abū Muḥammad ‘Abdullāh b. Aḥmad, al-Mughnī Wa al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr ‘Alā Matn al-Muqni‘, (in Arabic), (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1404), 1st ed.
  70. - Ibn Taymiyya, Al-Qawā‘id al-Nūrāniyya, (Riyadh: Maktaba Ibn Taymiyya, 2001)
  71. - Ibn Taymiyya, Majmū‘ al-Fatāwā, (in Arabic), (Riyadh: Maktaba Ibn Taymiyya, n.d)
  72. - International Islamic Fiqh Academy, Qarārāt Majma' al-Fiqh al-Islāmi al-Duwalī (Jeddah, n.d)
  73. - Narin, N. G, A Content Analysis of the Metaverse Articles. Journal of Metaverse, 2021. 17-24.
  74. - Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Quarterly Report on Bank Trading and Derivatives Activities, Fourth Quarter 2022, (Washington D.C.: OCC, 2023). Accessible at: https://www.occ.gov/publications-and-resources/publications/quarterly-report-on-bank-trading-and-derivatives-activities/files/q4-2022-derivatives-quarterly.html
  75. - Smith, Zhanna, & Lostri Eugenia. The Hidden Costs of Cybercrime. Available online: https://www.mcafee.com/enterprise/en-us/assets/reports/rp-hidden-costs-of-cybercrime.pdf (last accessed: 23 December 2023)
  76. - Vasile, Iulia. https://beincrypto.com/learn/how-much-does-it-cost-to-create-an-nft/#h-what-are-the-costs-associated-with-nfts, Retrieved on 3rd October 2022.
  77. - Wilson, K. B., Karg, A., & Ghaderi, H. Prospecting non-Fungible Tokens in the Digital Economy: Stakeholders and Ecosystem, Risk and Opportunity. Business Horizons. 2021